Parkinson s Disease Causes, Treatments, And Nursing Care

Parkinson’s Disease: Causes, Treatments, and Nursing Care Hannah Wilhelm Tompkins Cortland Community College Parkinson’s Disease: Causes, Treatments, and Nursing Care The World Health Organization projects that, by 2040, neurodegenerative diseases will become more common than cancer (Cashell, 2014). Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is widely listed as the second most common neurodegenerative disease (Wuong, 2012; Gillies et al., 2014; Cashell, 2014; Walker, Davidson, Gray, 2012). This disease, usually characterized by a tremor, but featuring systemic effects, has been diagnosed in one to two percent of people over age 65 (Casey, 2013). Parkinson’s disease is incurable; the goal of the healthcare team is to help the patient to maintain function, independence and quality of life (Miertovà ¡ et al., 2014; Magennis, Lynch, Corry, 2014). In the discussion that follows, current understanding of the causes and treatment of PD will be summarized, along with examples of nursing interventions. Primary Prevention and Populations at Risk Primary prevention -- using methods to prevent a disease before it begins -- requires an understanding of the disease’s cause. Most cases of PD are idiopathic; these result from an interaction between genetic factors and the environment (Heath, 2011). Five to ten percent of PD cases are due to inherited genetic mutations (Gillies et al., 2014; Heath, 2011). The largest risk factor for developing PD is increased age (Stacy et al., 2009). PD has aShow MoreRelatedThe Parkinson s Disease Foundation1443 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease Foundation states that this disease is a chronic and progressive movement disorder. In another words, the disease typically worsens over time. Nearly one million people in the United States live with Parkinson’s disease today (Parkinson’s Disease Foundation: What is Parkinson’s Disease, 2016). The cause of this disease is still being researched and tested, but as of now it is still unknown and has no cure. Since there is no cure, things like medications, treatments, and surgeryRead More Nursing Home Evaluation Essay examples1435 Words   |  6 PagesNursing Home Evaluation I am seeking to find a home for my 76 year old Grandfather Leroy. It is becoming increasingly difficult for him to take care of himself and no family members are available to take care of him as it is becoming a full time job. He was diagnosed with colon cancer a few years back and his disease, in conjunction with chemotherapy, has taken away his capacity to care for himself. He was also recently diagnosed with Parkinson ¡Ã‚ ¯s disease. The name of the Nursing home that IRead MoreThe Cure Of Parkinson s Disease1761 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Parkinson s is a very complex subject since there is still no cure and heredity still can t be proven. As a CNA you are expected to know that there are different diseases with different needs. Parkinson s has many signs and symptoms. 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Creatine Monohydrate Essay Research Paper Creatine MonohydrateCreatine free essay sample

Creatine Monohydrate Essay, Research Paper Creatine Monohydrate Creatine is a natural substance found in highest concentration in thin ruddy musculus tissue of animate beings and worlds in the signifier of creatine phosphate. When musculuss are used to raise a weight, or execute any type of work, ATP, ( Adenosine Triphosphate ) is quickly broken down to ADP ( Adenosine Diphosphate ) and energy is released. The sum of ATP stored in the musculus will merely fuel a maximal attempt such as weight raising for 10 to 15 seconds. After that the musculus must trust on Creatine to restock its supply of ATP. ATP has three phosphate molecules to one molecule of adenosine. Energy is created when one of the phosphate molecules breaks off turning ATP into adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , which is adenosine with merely two phosphate molecules. The breakage of the bonds between these molecules produces all the energy the organic structure requires to work. Creatine phosphate ( CP ) serves as an immediate backup to reconstruct the losing phosphate bond. We will write a custom essay sample on Creatine Monohydrate Essay Research Paper Creatine MonohydrateCreatine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dietary creatine is available in meats and fish, but the sum is depleted quickly when nutrients are cooked. There is about 2 gms of creatine per lb of natural, ruddy meat. Most people, through diet and synthesis, merely shop about 60-80 % of their possible creatine degrees. This is why some say that supplementing with creatine enables an person to promote their creatine storage to a maximal value. This extra creatine is believed to give the organic structure the necessary ingredients to reproduce more ATP during the creatine kinase procedure and to finally bring forth more work. Maximizing the degree of stored Creatine through auxiliary consumption of Creatine Monohydrate, is believed to widen peak athletic public presentation for longer periods during short continuance, high strength exercising. Creatine Monohydrate may besides assist the weightlifter by increasing the volumization of the musculuss, buffering lactic acid build-up, and heightening protein synthesis. The general consensus among muscle builders is that Creatine does work. While utilizing Creatine most jocks say they notice the increased endurance that it provides. Many note that they have every bit much energy and strength as they had at the beginning of the exercise. Because Creatine is a reasonably new addendum, there has been small survey on the effects from long-run use. Protein Found in fish, meats, domestic fowl eggs and dairy merchandises, proteins contain aminic acids, which assistance in the edifice of musculus. Like saccharides, proteins besides give the organic structure fuel and energy it needs in order to finish a physically demanding exercise. Because protein dramas such a cardinal function in the edifice of musculus, it besides becomes a beginning of contention in the athleticss nutrition community. How much protein do muscle builders necessitate? First figure out how many Calories you need. If you # 8217 ; re non taking in adequate Calories, you can # 8217 ; t construct musculus tissue expeditiously. That # 8217 ; s because your organic structure will be firing most of your Calories, non utilizing them to mend musculus tissue. For illustration, take a 180 lb cat # 8212 ; if he # 8217 ; s reasonably active, he likely needs about 2700 Calories a twenty-four hours ( plus or minus a few ) to keep his weight. Besides his moderate day-to-day activity degree, he could fire about 500 Calories during an hr of heavy weightlifting. If he wants to add one lb of musculus weight per hebdomad, he needs about 500 excess Calories per twenty-four hours plus about 500 more to do up for the energy shortage from intense weight-lifting. This makes his expansive sum to be around 3700 Calories a twenty-four hours. So how can we interpret this figure to his protein demands? The RDA for protein has been established at 0.8 grams/kg of organic structure weight for grownups. This is non plenty to construct musculus mass for intense jocks. Although it # 8217 ; s hard to nail a specific figure because you have to take into history many variables, research has determined an acceptable scope: even at the really high terminal, the top protein consumption demands to be 1.5 # 8211 ; 2.0 g/kg of organic structure weight. For our 180 pound. ( divided by 2.2 = 82 kilogram ) lifter, this would be 122 # 8211 ; 164 gms of protein per twenty-four hours. Since protein has 4 Calories per gm, so this sum of protein would consist 13 # 8211 ; 18 per centum of his day-to-day thermal consumption of 3700 Calories ; the usual recommendation is about 12 # 8211 ; 15 per centum. As you can see, a immense surplus of protein is non needed. It # 8217 ; s easy to acquire adequate protein from nutrient # 8212 ; and rather easy for many people to exaggerate it. If excessively much high-fat protein is taken in, and non used, additions may be seen in fat tissue instead than in musculus tissue. Androstendione Androstenedione is a direct precursor endocrine to testosterone, every bit good as to other endocrines, including one type of estrogen. It is converted from cholesterin, as are all other steroid endocrines. Biochemically, a reaction, or concatenation of reactions, occurs in order to change over molecule A into molecule B. Specific enzymes and endocrines, among other things, must be present and ready to work, so to talk, for these transitions to take topographic point. For illustration, luteinizing endocrine, produced and released by the pituitary secretory organ, plays a polar function in change overing androstenedione to testosterone. Simply presenting excess androstenedione to your system does non automatically intend that all of the necessary participants will be at that place to bring forth testosterone. Most clinical surveies have shown that additions in musculus mass with Androstenedione are few with possible side effects such as increased hazard of bosom disease, increased haz ard of pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease, and increase in unwanted chest expansion. DHEA DHEA is of course produced by the adrenal secretory organs which sit on top of each kidney. We make less of it as we get older and likely 80 % less by the clip we # 8217 ; re 70 old ages of age. As a dietetic addendum it might hold a positive consequence on consciousness and overall sense of good being in people over 50. Surveies have shown this. In people under 50 it has non been shown to hold much consequence at all. A dosage for people over 50 would be 50mg per twenty-four hours. DHEA is two stairss removed from being testosterone and can either change over to androstenedione ( 4-dione ) or 5-androstenediol ( 5-diol ) . 4-dione may change over to either testosterone or theelin ( an estrogen ) and 5-diol may change over to testosterone or back to DHEA. DHEA is non a good testosterone precursor and at best will travel through no less than two transitions to go testosterone. Extra information on addendums can be found on the addendum s page. Bibliography Creatine Monohydrate Creatine is a natural substance found in highest concentration in thin ruddy musculus tissue of animate beings and worlds in the signifier of creatine phosphate. When musculuss are used to raise a weight, or execute any type of work, ATP, ( Adenosine Triphosphate ) is quickly broken down to ADP ( Adenosine Diphosphate ) and energy is released. The sum of ATP stored in the musculus will merely fuel a maximal attempt such as weight raising for 10 to 15 seconds. After that the musculus must trust on Creatine to restock its supply of ATP. ATP has three phosphate molecules to one molecule of adenosine. Energy is created when one of the phosphate molecules breaks off turning ATP into adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , which is adenosine with merely two phosphate molecules. The breakage of the bonds between these molecules produces all the energy the organic structure requires to work. Creatine phosphate ( CP ) serves as an immediate backup to reconstruct the losing phosphate bond. Dietary creatine is available in meats and fish, but the sum is depleted quickly when nutrients are cooked. There is about 2 gms of creatine per lb of natural, ruddy meat. Most people, through diet and synthesis, merely shop about 60-80 % of their possible creatine degrees. This is why some say that supplementing with creatine enables an person to promote their creatine storage to a maximal value. This extra creatine is believed to give the organic structure the necessary ingredients to reproduce more ATP during the creatine kinase procedure and to finally bring forth more work. Maximizing the degree of stored Creatine through auxiliary consumption of Creatine Monohydrate, is believed to widen peak athletic public presentation for longer periods during short continuance, high strength exercising. Creatine Monohydrate may besides assist the weightlifter by increasing the volumization of the musculuss, buffering lactic acid build-up, and heightening protein synthesis. The general consensus among muscle builders is that Creatine does work. While utilizing Creatine most jocks say they notice the increased endurance that it provides. Many note that they have every bit much energy and strength as they had at the beginning of the exercise. Because Creatine is a reasonably new addendum, there has been small survey on the effects from long-run use. Protein Found in fish, meats, domestic fowl eggs and dairy merchandises, proteins contain aminic acids, which assistance in the edifice of musculus. Like saccharides, proteins besides give the organic structure fuel and energy it needs in order to finish a physically demanding exercise. Because protein dramas such a cardinal function in the edifice of musculus, it besides becomes a beginning of contention in the athleticss nutrition community. How much protein do muscle builders necessitate? First figure out how many Calories you need. If you # 8217 ; re non taking in adequate Calories, you can # 8217 ; t construct musculus tissue expeditiously. That # 8217 ; s because your organic structure will be firing most of your Calories, non utilizing them to mend musculus tissue. For illustration, take a 180 lb cat # 8212 ; if he # 8217 ; s reasonably active, he likely needs about 2700 Calories a twenty-four hours ( plus or minus a few ) to keep his weight. Besides his moderate day-to-day activity degree, he could fire about 500 Calories during an hr of heavy weightlifting. If he wants to add one lb of musculus weight per hebdomad, he needs about 500 excess Calories per twenty-four hours plus about 500 more to do up for the energy shortage from intense weight-lifting. This makes his expansive sum to be around 3700 Calories a twenty-four hours. So how can we interpret this figure to his protein demands? The RDA for protein has been established at 0.8 grams/kg of organic structure weight for grownups. This is non plenty to construct musculus mass for intense jocks. Although it # 8217 ; s hard to nail a specific figure because you have to take into history many variables, research has determined an acceptable scope: even at the really high terminal, the top protein consumption demands to be 1.5 # 8211 ; 2.0 g/kg of organic structure weight. For our 180 pound. ( divided by 2.2 = 82 kilogram ) lifter, this would be 122 # 8211 ; 164 gms of protein per twenty-four hours. Since protein has 4 Calories per gm, so this sum of protein would consist 13 # 8211 ; 18 per centum of his day-to-day thermal consumption of 3700 Calories ; the usual recommendation is about 12 # 8211 ; 15 per centum. As you can see, a immense surplus of protein is non needed. It # 8217 ; s easy to acquire adequate protein from nutrient # 8212 ; and rather easy for many people to exaggerate it. If excessively much high-fat protein is taken in, and non used, additions may be seen in fat tissue instead than in musculus tissue. Androstendione Androstenedione is a direct precursor endocrine to testosterone, every bit good as to other endocrines, including one type of estrogen. It is converted from cholesterin, as are all other steroid endocrines. Biochemically, a reaction, or concatenation of reactions, occurs in order to change over molecule A into molecule B. Specific enzymes and endocrines, among other things, must be present and ready to work, so to talk, for these transitions to take topographic point. For illustration, luteinizing endocrine, produced and released by the pituitary secretory organ, plays a polar function in change overing androstenedione to testosterone. Simply presenting excess androstenedione to your system does non automatically intend that all of the necessary participants will be at that place to bring forth testosterone. Most clinical surveies have shown that additions in musculus mass with Androstenedione are few with possible side effects such as increased hazard of bosom disease, increased haz ard of pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease, and increase in unwanted chest expansion. DHEA DHEA is of course produced by the adrenal secretory organs which sit on top of each kidney. We make less of it as we get older and likely 80 % less by the clip we # 8217 ; re 70 old ages of age. As a dietetic addendum it might hold a positive consequence on consciousness and overall sense of good being in people over 50. Surveies have shown this. In people under 50 it has non been shown to hold much consequence at all. A dosage for people over 50 would be 50mg per twenty-four hours. DHEA is two stairss removed from being testosterone and can either change over to androstenedione ( 4-dione ) or 5-androstenediol ( 5-diol ) . 4-dione may change over to either testosterone or theelin ( an estrogen ) and 5-diol may change over to testosterone or back to DHEA. DHEA is non a good testosterone precursor and at best will travel through no less than two transitions to go testosterone. Extra information on addendums can be found on the addendums page.

Narrative Essay on a Good Day! free essay sample

I was going with my family. So finally, the day was here and I was in India on December 19th 2012. My friends and cousins were at the airport to pick me up, they were very happy, and surprised to see me after a long time. It was a very warm welcome with handmade flower necklaces. They knew I was coming so they already cleaned my house and it was ready for me. It was very different feeling living in that house after living in United States and also the weather was different than United States. After they dropped me off at my house, I got freshen up, and then all my relatives, friends, and neighbor started coming to my house to see me. They were very happy. Then my mother’s family who lives in India, they came to see from another city. I got so emotional after seeing them. It was the best feeling seeing your family after so many years and my mom cried so much after seeing her mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Essay on a Good Day! or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It’s a very different experience talking to them on phone from U. S. A and meeting them face to face in India. Then we all went out to have lunch with my mother’s family and my friends. I was craving for pure Indian food taste so I had so many different kinds of dishes. We had South Indian food, Gujarati Thali (full Dish), and my favorite Indian Chinese cuisine. We had so much while having lunch. Everyone was sharing their stories and taking about random stuff. Then we all came back to our home and took a nap since we were excused from flying in plane for 16 hrs. By the time we woke up it was a time for a dinner. Our neighbor invited us for dinner at their house, so we all got ready and left to their house. By the end of the night we had a wonderful experience and overall it was an interesting day. India has changed a lot since I left seven years ago. Now, they have shopping malls, huge buildings in the city, so many movie theaters, and also people are changing their living styles. It really was a different experience. I will never forget this day in my life, it was and it will be the best day from my entire life.

Tyler LeBlanc Essays (1134 words) - Enron Scandal, Free Essays

Tyler LeBlanc Essays (1134 words) - Enron Scandal, Free Essays Tyler LeBlanc Prof. Sullivan CRJ 362 2/6/2017 Enron's Scandal Dismantle Enron was a Houston based corporation founded in 1985, that reached the peak of the business world in the late nineties to early Two thousands. Enron was known for their business savvy techniques, on the other hand it was notorious for their demise resulting from their audit scandals. The aftermath was imprisonment of large amounts of CEO's, as well as thousands of employees losing their jobs. This all transpired when there was constant change of CEO's and CFO's , and unsystematic plumet of $137 million loss in stock in which attracted the attention of many forcing the justice to investigate. In this paper i will evaluate the facts of this case,and analyze the scandal using the rational choice theory. The rational choice theory ties into the Enron scandal as executives took into account the large benefits prior to participating in this infamous disparagement,as the rational choice theory states that individuals make decisions with the greatest benefit or satisfaction. They took into mind the pros in this situation, and Found loopholes around being caught . These executives thought that there would be no way they would be caught, and even if so they believed they personally would not be held accountable for fraud if in fact they were exposed. Anderson Litter was the Auditing company that was in charge of checking frequently on Enron's books, however the company rarely did so. This factor led Enron accountants to believe that if no one was checking the books that they could purposefully undermine the rules by misfiling, and not reporting Enron's problems. Anderson litter and other auditors had all the reason in the world to keep quiet of the scandal that was taking place bas ed off the fact that they let all Enron's messy business slide under the radar they were now considered accomplices. Enron felt they had more to gain then lose, when analyzing the cost benefits. The benefits would be auditors could live lavishly as there was large amounts of income filling there pockets from the scandal. The cost if they were to come clean they would be tarnishing the corporation's reputation as well as their own. Waste Management's jail free scandal was the staple for Enron's executives when taking in consideration the cost benefits in the corporation's fraud scandals. Waste management was a corporation that bought out hundreds and thousands of garbage companies, increasing their sales and profits year by year. The Company was a skyrocketing business as their company stock profit soared higher than any other big time corporation. The Waste Management business hit the fan when the company could no longer expand as they ran out of garbage companies to buy out. This large problem did not stop waste management as they turned to a counting fix fooling wall street to believe the company was still growing by stretching depreciations. Waste Management changed the life span of their assets such as garbage trucks,landfills, and garbage containers. The typical lifespan of these assets is twelve years, Waste Management changed it to eighteen years saving over one hundred million dollars. This was all possible from the help of Anderson auditing company as they did not report the Waste management financial mistakes. In 1997 Waste Management and Andersen's auditing company was exposed for its $1.7 billion exaggerated stock earning. Both corporations were fined $457 million which is like paying a typical bill for the average person. Anderson Auditors did not stop after their exposure from this big scandal as they came to the table with the same approach with Enron. Enron's executives took in account if they did get caught in there scandal they would only be faced with a minimum fine compared to the billions of dollars they would make from the fraud scandal , they believed they wouldn't receive jail time as well. Anderson Little Firm was the direct Auditing firm in which Enron had ties too. Although the auditors based from Anderson's knew Fastow was embezzling money, they would sign off on tax statements within Enron. The auditing company became one of the same with enron holding the same beliefs and morals in respects to accounting. Anderson became so

Employment Law for Business Today and Tomorrow Research Paper

Employment Law for Business Today and Tomorrow - Research Paper Example The employment laws came into being as a result of the untiring struggle of laborers for the better working conditions, wages and their right to raise through trade unions and to present a charter of demands to the management when due. In order to strike a balance between the employers and the employees, the positive role of the trade union cannot be ignored. It is a matter of fact that without the cordial relationship between the employees and the employers, running the affairs of an organization smoothly is a big question mark (Deakin & Morris, 2005). The infrastructure of employment law around the globe is more or less the same in terms of rights and obligations of the employees and the employers. The rights and obligations of the employees and the employers are implemented through a contract of employment (Deakin & Morris, 2005). ...In many countries of the world, minimum wages of the employees are determined by their respective governments. We may cite here the example of Sweden where minimum wages are negotiated by the Collective Bargaining Agent on behalf of the employees with the management, keeping in mind the profitability of the organization/other factors. The CBA strives hard for a better deal for the benefits of workers (Deakin & Morris, 2005). Here we can mention the minimum wage laws that were introduced in different countries seriatim: USA (1938); Brazil (1940);Â  India (1948); France (1950) and last but not the least, UK (1998). Today 18 out of 25 members are part of the European Union where minimum wages for the workers are in vogue (Deakin & Morris, 2005). While looking back at the era of the Industrial Revolution, we observe that at that time workers were forced to work approximately up to 14 hours or even longer. Along with adult employment, children employment was also common with drastic features. In England, children had to work 8 hours a day in the textile factories. The Factory Act of 1802 and subsequent acts addressed the issues rela ted to children employment and the minimum working hours of an employee. According to the said act, the racial and sexual discrimination is unacceptable and considered illegal (Selwyn, 2008). The subsequent employment act, which came to surface in 1938, set a maximum of 44 hours and later on 40 hours a week. Even the immigrant workers are benefited from the mentioned act. There are areas where this act is not implemented. For instance, in the agricultural field, working hours can be spanned to 72 hours a week in the harvesting season.

Othello, the Moore of Venice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Othello, the Moore of Venice - Essay Example He is portrayed to be physically strong and admired by the people who know him. He is considered to be an asset for the government of Venice and he is important for the Duke as well as the other senior members. On the other hand, Roderigo is highlighted to be very weak and is dependent upon others for his decisions. He is rich but is not as strong as Othello by any means. Thus, Othello and Roderigo strike a balance in the play where Othello portrays strength and Roderigo portrays weakness. Othello is a very brave soldier and his suggestions and recommendations are given importance by the senators and the Duke of Venice. He is a man who is loved for his strength and determination. He holds the strong position of the general of the armies of Venice and has authority to promote people. Othello marries the woman he loves, Desdemona secretly. He explains that Desdemona chose to marry him after listening to the story of his achievements and attainments in his life. It is seen that Desdemona loves Othello for what he is and she chooses to stand by him. The accomplishments of Othello are so impressive that when the Duke listens to the story of Othello that he told Desdemona, he is compelled to say, â€Å"I think this tale would win my daughter too.† Thus, the life of Othello displays strength and his character is the most noticeable character of the play. Roderigo is a rich man who lives in Venice. He is a weak man who does not have his own decisions and judgments. He rather relies on deceitful people like Iago for support and help. Roderigo loves Desdemona but does not approach her through the right means. He rather pays Iago to assist him in marrying her. This can be seen as a step that displays his weakness. He cannot express his love for Desdemona by himself and win her love by his qualities. He is disappointed when he learns of the marriage between Othello and Desdemona. Despite of their marriage, he

The Buddhist No Self Doctrine Philosophy Essay

The Buddhist No Self Doctrine Philosophy Essay The Buddha taught that there were no persisting identity and there are no permanent stable identities. We are just a complex experience streamed through time. We are just short lived, temporal, historical beings in the process of becoming. There is no difference between you and your life: you are your life history. thoughts were the thinker and experiences were the experiencer The Buddha taught Ksanika-vada which is an anti-substantial doctrine that the world is in a continuous flux and is impermanent. There is nothing more than movement and change in the world (Anitya). There are no fixed or permanent, absolute or independent substances. The Buddhist universe is the same as Heraclitus simile of a river as you cant step twice into the same river due to the constant changing of water. The phenomenology of reality, objects, events and self are not what we think they are. They are in fact a temporary interconnected stream of some fundamental elements. This is the Buddhist ontology that everything occurs through causes and effects. All these things we believe to be persisting entities, including self, are just a stream of events. The effect doesnt exist when the cause existed and the cause stops existing when the effect comes to exist. This results in everything in the world having a cause and nothing existing unconditioned. The idea of Atman is the metaphysical self or soul which is everlasting. The Hindu religion uses this idea of the soul thus they adopt the Eternalists view. This is that the soul is immaterial, infinite and immortal so it will continue to exist for ever. Atman has various meaning such as soul, self, being, ego or personality. This is what Buddhism rejects, a persisting and enduring entity in humans. The doctrine of Nairatmya-Vada teaches us that to recognize ourselves as a persisting entity is an illusion. We are actually a phenomenon of human experiences (dharma) so we are temporal being (Ksanika). What we call the self is actually a temporary interconnected stream of thoughts and desires. So why do we believe we have a self and why do we cling onto the idea of a self? The early Buddhist believed individuals were an arrangement is a composition of five aggregates (skandha). None of these phenomena contain an actually sense of self: The body (rupa) Feelings of pleasure and pain (vedana) Sense-based perceptions of objects (vijnana) Conceptual thoughts (samjna) Volitions, inherited dispositions and habits (samskara) To clarify, conceptual thoughts are not the mind but just the thoughts themselves. They are not a substance or an enduring self. Also consciousness is not found in these five aggregates as the Buddha rejected the idea. Rather consciousness is named by the cause. It is dependent on all five and it cant exist without them. For example the eye gives visibility which gives rise to visible consciousness. This is a mental consciousness. Consciousness is always an effect of the aggregates and always in flux. . The self is not actually real as none of these five aggregates show that there is a persisting and enduring identity in humans. What gives rise to individuals feeling of self is just the aggregate of these factors replacing each other. For example, a body touch a red hot poker, this will give rise to a feeling of pain, this will give rise to a thought of pain and the memory of what it felt like. It is a conventional designation for a becoming compound of the five aggregates that gives rise to the feeling that we are selves. Descartes believed that I think therefore I am, whereas the Buddha taught that I am because I think. Therefore Buddhism is an impersonalist teaching showing us that the self doesnt actually exist so we are not what we think we are, we dont matter. Nagasena explains this concept in Question of King Milanda through a conversation between Menader (a king) and Nagasena (a monk). Nagasena asks the king if the axle, wheels, chariot body, flagstaff, yoke, reins or goad-stick is the chariot. Also he asks if all of these are the chariot. All of these were answered negatively. Thus the chariot is not the same as the parts and is not the parts conjointly. He concludes that the word chariot is only a name for the parts in a certain way formation. He applies this to self and postulates that his name is just a construction of his five aggregates but not actually a self: As the various parts, the different adjuncts of a vehicle, form, when united, that which is called a chariot; so, when the five khandas are united in one aggregate, or body, they constitute that which is called a being, a living existence. The Buddhism doctrine of Pratiya- Samutpada, often translated as dependent arising taught that thirst or desires, attachments and commitments are causally related to suffering (duhkha). This is where the Buddha explains the process where enduring world phenomenon arises. Even though cause and events (dharmas) are separate in Buddhism they are still interconnected and this is the same for the continuous cycle of rebirth (samsara). It is just life a flowing river or an ever turning wheel. There is no need for the self, all phenomena, our experiences, substances and events, can be explained by caused and effect. Life is one causal sequence made of Twelve Links of Dependent Origination (nidanas). This shows that no beings exist independent of any other beings. Therefore it describes one enduring identity from birth to death and also reincarnated lives: 1. Ignorance 2. Volitional Actions 3. States of Mind 4. Name and Form 5. Sense Sources 6. Contact 7. Feelings 8. Attachment 9. Grasping 10. Becoming 11. Birth 12. Aging and Death Yet again this process shows us that nothing can exist by itself. This is because the Buddha taught that if something has a dependent origination then it cant be independent: If something is fundamentally dependent then it must be devoid of having a nature that is independent of other phenomena, of existing independently. Anything that is dependently originated must in fact be empty. Everything that we experience is a result of a cause and the nature of them is being dependent. This means that all of our phenomena are empty of having an independent self. To be enlightened is to take away the first link of ignorance and be aware that all our phenomena are empty and once we are aware of this we will become enlightened. This is becoming aware that we arent actually what we think are. Our self or personality is a constitution of feelings and attachments to objects which is what causes our process of becoming. This is the aim of Atman, to escape from this unsatisfaction that the phenomena of the persisting self causes. When we grasp an object we want we may feel happiness but this never last and even if we get an object we want we always crave for more or are scared of losing it. We need to become enlightened that these are not actually real and are only a product of our phenomena. The four noble truths teach us that you can realise your true self and aspire to a higher living. When you understand that ignorance, volitional action, attachment and feeling and grasping are empty then you will let escape the circle of birth, suffering, death and rebirth (samsara) and find peace in nirvana. As we have seen, early Buddhism analysed experience into five aggregates but later schools developed the process of reduction analysis. The Abhidharma, a later reduction analysis text, develops some of the fundamental teaching of the Buddhism. The Abhidharma analyses phenomenon and experiences, reducing them into minute essentials (dharma) by complex lists. This rejects the sustainable self as an independent entity because it is actually a changing construction dependent on complex connection of mental and material components. The Sarvastivada Abhidharma doctrine teaches that only impartite entities truly exist. If atoms make up an object then the object doesnt exist as it is just an aggregate. The impartite entities in phenomenon (dharma) have a permanent identity of their own (svabhava) and exist in the past, present and future. Each dharma has its own essences or intrinsic nature (svalaksana). This idea is Atomism, where the basic constituent ingredients for all mental thoughts an d physical materials are all reducible to this. Yet again this breaks down our habits of attachment as we are just a mass of material elements and just as the Lotus flower will fade and die so will us. As the dharmas which have no cause and effect dont include the self, this must mean that all aspects of our experiences are impermanent and dependent on many causes and effects which arise and pass. This ontology of dharmas shows us that the world we live in is not what we think it is. Hence our attachments, commitments and desires for objects of this world are false: Try to grasp the world and it runs through ones fingers. The Abhidharma lists conditioned realities (samskrta) which are made from temporary fluxes. These phenomena are conditioned: 1. Material phenomena 2. Mind 3. Mental phenomena 4. Elements which are neither material nor mental The mind is conceived as a complex cognitive process consisting of a succession or related momentary mental states. Mental states arise dependent on its cause therefore forming a mental flux. The mind is always rapidly changing, streams of consciousness is made up of streams of awareness. Every moment of cognition relates to a particular object therefore intentionality and consciousness are inseparable. Our phenomenon of consciousness is therefore a stream of immaterial and impersonal events; it is associated with the body in life but will come to exist dependent on another body after the death of the body. This is not a persisting self but an impersonal series of mental events. Our reality is made up of a connection of momentary events. So mind and matter are not substance but events, and mental and material events interact in a flux. The Sautrantika teaching are different from the Abhidharma teachings as it rejections dharma as actual reality. The Abhidharma introduced the idea of permanence in the world through dharmas and the Sautrantika rejects this unconditional reality. This is because the Abhidharma dharmas go against the Buddhist principle of impermanence (anitya). They retain the notion of dharma but eliminate the notion of svabhava. They believe that our basic reality is just flashes of momentary energy (svalakshana). Therefore all things momentary exist only in the minute when they are produced. This is a radicalisation of impermanence as everything is instantaneous and has no duration. All materials are also impermanent as all things decay. Decay needs no external causes as it is a self destruction of the material. So there is only ever a present, there is no past or future as everything is instantaneous. An enduring and persisting self can certainly not exist as there is only momentary existence. Thus consciousness actually is just a flux of momentary flash of energy hence there is no need for a conscious self with a past, present and future. The doctrine of sakaravada teaches us that we are never in contact with the material world but only perceive an aspect based upon the sense organs and sense consciousness: It asserts the mediated character of cognition, the recognition that perception apprehends its object through the mediation of a mark left by the object on consciousness. Therefore reality is not what we think it is as there is a gap between our minds and what is actually occuringf. It is not a self being confronted by a world of objects. It is actually our sense consciousness taking on the form of the sakaravada. Before there was a need for a self for something to be consciously perceived by the senses but in this theory there is no need for this as we are not in direct contact with the world (bahyartha-pratyaks). The Nyaya- Vaisheshika taught that the world had an objective structure, that we are permanent, that there were persisting entities and they were substances. Dignaga, a Buddhist scholar believed that these categories that have been discovered in reality are just imposed by the workings of the mind and dont actually exist in reality. Through the process of our imagination (kalpana) is what we are giving words to. It is our language that imposes structure of reality. The mind groups svalakshana together. So words for generalities, for classes, for types, for qualities and words for individual substances all would seem to have repeatable properties are just our interpretation of the world and not actually real. Our minds are linking together different particulars and imagine them as an enduring and persisting entity. We forget that we are part of a process and talk in terms of us being stable observers not matter or quantum self, however we are not except from processes. Thus the belief of the self is just a word invented by the mind for the different processes in flux. Yogcara, another School of Buddhism, rejects the Sautrantika and Abhidharma idea of there being a reality independent of the mind. These ideas are interconnected and give rise to other ideas whilst being self illuminating. The unenlightened believe they have a self or they are conscious but this actually arises from a stream of conscious self illuminating ideas. This is because these self-conscious ideas may wrongly believe they have a self when actually they are part of a flux. It is the mind-set that makes us have this belief as this establishes how we perceive the world. Even though the world is mind only, the ideas cast themselves as external resulting in the misconstrued belief that we have a self. People dont feel individual because of the external world but because of the certain habitual mind-set they have, their feelings and moods.